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Those who sit at their work and are therefore called ‘chair workers,’ such as cobblers and tailors, suffer from their own particular diseases …

Bernardino Ramazzini

An acquaintance of mine, a notary by profession, who, by perpetual writing, began first to complain of an excessive wariness of his whole right arm which could be removed by no medicines, and which was at last succeeded by a perfect palsy of the whole arm. . . .
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Acquaintance Excessive Hands Health Notary Perpetual Profession Writing
[I have seen] workers in whom certain morbid affections gradually arise from some particular posture of the limbs or unnatural movements of the body called for while they work.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Exercise Morbid Running Science Unnatural Work
The incessant driving of the pen over paper causes intense fatigue of the hand and the whole arm because of the continuous … strain on the muscles and tendons.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Fatigue Hands Health Muscle Paper Strains
The mortality of those who dig minerals is very great, and women who marry men of this sort marry again and again.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Again Health Men Mineral Morality Mountain Sort
Not only in antiquity but in our own times also laws have been passed…to secure good conditions for workers; so it is right that the art of medicine should contribute its portion for the benefit and relief of those for whom the law has shown such foresight…
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Antiquity Art Conditions Foresight Good Health Laws Medicine Science Secure
I have noticed bakers with swelled hands, and painful, too; in fact the hands of all such workers become much thickened by the constant pressure of kneading the dough.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Baker Constant Hand Hands Health Pressure Swelled
Standing even for a short time proves exhausting compared with walking and running though it be for a long time … Nature delights and is restored by alternating and varied actions.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Actions Alternating Compared Long Proves Running Short Time
Those who sit at their work and are therefore called ‘chair workers,’ such as cobblers and tailors, suffer from their own particular diseases …
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Exercise Holiday Own Science Suffer Worker
He should not remain standing while he considers what he ought to do, as though the fate of a human being were a mere trifle; rather let him condescend to sit down for awhile.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Consider Down Human Being Remain Standing
[We] ought to show peculiar zeal…in taking precautions for their safety. I for one have done all that lay in my power, and have not thought it beneath me to step into workshops of the meaner sort now and again and study the obscure operations of mechanical arts.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Done Meaner Peculiar Precations Safety Step Talking Workshops Zeal
Those who work standing … carpenters, sawyers, carvers, blacksmiths, masons … are liable to varicose veins … [because] the strain on the muscles is such that the circulation of the blood is retarded.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Carpenter Exercise Health Liable Running Standing
All sedentary workers … suffer from the itch, are a bad colour, and in poor condition … for when the body is not kept moving the blood becomes tainted, its waste matter lodges in the skin, and the condition of the whole body deteriorates.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Condition Exercise Kept Moving Science
He learned to write with his left hand, which was soon thereafter seized with the same disorder.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Disorder Hand Same Thereafter
When a doctor arrives to attend some patient of the working class, he ought not to feel his pulse the moment he enters, as is nearly always done without regard to the circumstances of the man who lies sick.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

Circumstances Enter Fate Lying Men Patient Sick
According to Agricola, at the mines in the Carpathian mountains, women have been known to marry seven times.
BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI

According Mountain Seven Times Women

Those who sit at their work and are therefore called ‘chair workers,’ such as cobblers and tailors, suffer from their own particular diseases …

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Those who sit at their work and are therefore called ‘chair workers,’ such as cobblers and tailors, suffer from their own particular diseases …

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